Arak UniversityJournal of Nanobiotechnology Research1120250401Studying the effect of ionic form and nano silver and lead on micropropagation stages of ornamental plant Brassica oleracea var.acephala101873144710.61186/JCT.16.1.10ENMinaTaghizadehDepartment of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of ArakMaryamRezagholiDepartment of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of ArakJournal Article20250708The technology of in vitro plant culture by supplementing classical breeding methods has been widely accepted for genetic modification and plant improvement. The ornamental Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) has considerable attention due to its properties such as colorful aerial parts, durability, and good resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The role of different forms of heavy metals in in vitro culture is still unclear. Therefore, there are conflicting reports including positive and negative effects of these compounds on plant in vitro culture. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂], silver nitrate (AgNO₃), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on in vitro cultureof Brassica oleracea var. acephala . This study was conducted in two separate experiments comprising: applying treatments on callus induction and applying treatments on shoot regeneration. Pb(NO₃)₂, AgNO₃ and AgNPs were added at differentiation concentrations (0, 10, 25, and 50 mg L-1) in MS media. The traits such as browning index, pathogen contamination, rooting percentage, callus diameter, callus growth, fresh and dry weight, callus induction, shoot and root regeneration were evaluated after 30 days from the culture. The results indicated the positive effect of heavy metals in both nano and ionic metals forms. It seems that the concentration of silver nanoparticles should be considered lower due to its greater efficiency in stimulating shoot regeneration. However, the achievements of these experiments can be the initial basis for other research in the field of the application of nano forms in plant in vitro culture.https://jnr.araku.ac.ir/article_731447_40b253e91d10d7ca3764004b3bbffaa2.pdfArak UniversityJournal of Nanobiotechnology Research1120250401Microbial Minds Behind Modern Tech; Biomimetic Innovations From the Bacterial World19725538https://doi.org/10.61186/jnr.1.1.1ENHassanMaddahiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran0000-0002-6524-7704NazaninMoayerianDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran0009-0004-5860-2431Journal Article20250531<strong>Introduction:</strong> Biomimetics, as an interdisciplinary field, aims to use features and natural processes to develop novel technologies. Bacteria have been increasingly considered a worthy source of biomimetic inspiration due to their complex and efficient mechanisms and effective interaction with their environment and other organisms. This paper aims to review notable features and processes of bacteria and discusses their potential in developing innovative designs and inventions.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> In this review, the relevant literature in databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until 2025 were searched and their informative data was extracted and summarized. The extracted data were categorized and presented based on notable bacterial features and biomimetic applications.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The applications of bacteria <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Myxococcus xanthus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, <em>Shewanella oneidensis</em>,<em> Halobacterium</em>,<em> Streptomyces</em>, and <em>Clostridium</em> in various fields and industries as nanotechnology, robotics, medicine, artificial intelligence, optical technology, and biosensors, are presented. Furthermore, a brief explanation of how each remarkable bacterial feature contributes to the design of systems and novel technologies is provided.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This review highlights the importance of bacteria in biomimetic applications for scientific and industrial innovations. It emphasizes the bacterial structures and mechanisms that serve as sources of bioinspiration.